Jacoby Tarbox Inline Eductors

Anderson-Bolds sell Jacoby-Tarbox Eductors

For a quote, please click HERE!

Jacoby-Tarbox® Eductors deliver a great value for your investment. Their advanced design provides superior flow paths for optimum performance, while the rugged construction is your assurance of reliability in demanding applications. Experienced applications personnel and flexible manufacturing capability enable Jacoby-Tarbox to meet tight delivery schedules. 

Inline Jet Pump 

In-Line Eductors

Jacoby-Tarbox In-Line Eductors are the Next Generation of jet pumps, ejectors, and venturi pumps, providing in-line mixing, pumping, or heating in various process lines. Eductors decrease costs as there are no moving parts and require no direct power.

Inline Jacoby-Eductor Models:

Liquid Motive:

SL = Low Head and 15-250 PSI motive pressure

ML = Medium Head and 15-250 PSI motive pressure

HL = High Head and 15-250 PSI motive pressure

Gas Motive:

SG = Low Head and 30-150 steam motive pressure

HG = High Head and 20-150 steam motive pressure

How Eductors Work

A Jacoby-Eductor eductor pump that uses a fluid to perform the work of pumping another fluid (or solid).  The fluid doing the work is termed the motive fluid, and the fluid being pumped is the suction fluid.  The motive fluid employed can be liquid, gas or steam.  The suction fluid can be liquid, gas or steam.  Other names for eductors include jet pumps, ejectors, venture pumps, siphon pumps, steam siphons, and injector pumps.  Eductors operate on basic principles of flow dynamics that have been known since the times of the ancient Greeks.  What makes the Eductors superior is the way advanced computer modeling has been used to maximize efficiency.  This same computer modeling allows Clark-Reliance to simulate your process needs and recommend the correct product every time.

Operation Is As Follows:

1. The pressurized motive fluid enters the eductor through the motive inlet and enters the nozzle.  The nozzle causes the motive entering to accelerate as it passes through the converging portion of the nozzle.  The nozzle is of the converging type if the motive is a liquid, or of the expanding type if the motive is gas or steam.
2. The suction chamber is where the pumping takes place.  As the accelerated motive leaves the nozzle, the friction between it and the material in the suction chamber forces the mixture into the diffuser section lowering the pressure in the chamber and pulling additional material in from the suction inlet.
3. The motive fluid entrains the suction media to produce a uniformly mixed stream traveling at a lower velocity.  The mixing tube in Eductors is amply sized to allow sufficient time for the two streams to mix completely.
4. The diffuser is specially shaped to reduce the velocity of the mixture still further, converting the kinetic energy to pressure at discharge.

Typical Liquid Motive Applications are : 

Pump from Tank; Pump from Sump; Dilute in Line; Transport Liquid

Typical Gas Motive Applications are : 

Pump from Tank; Pump from Sump; Heat Liquid; Prime Pumps; Evacuate Liquid

Sizing of a jet pump (eductor) is important with the motive pressure having enough power to support the suction vacuum and still discharge the converged media. Too little motive or too high of suction requirement will choke the jet pump. 

The Jacoby-Eductor eductors or jet pump come int he following sizes:

1/2 Inch, 3/4 inch, 1 inch, 1.25 inch, 1.5 inch, 2 inch, 2.5 inch and 3 inch.

Note the suction and discharge are the the Jet size dimention.  A 1 inch eductor has 1" suction and outlet NPT threads.  The inlet is smaller and can have different NPT sizes dependant the model chosen.  Threads are Male NPT threads.

For a quote, please click HERE!

Anderson-Bolds
216-360-9800
www.anderson-bolds.com

Jacoby-Tarbox is a division of Clark Reliance

Watlow Power Series Controllers

 Watlow SCR Power Controllers from Anderson-Bolds

For a Quote Please use our Watlow Parts Form, HERE!

Watlow has manufactured solid state power controllers for over forty years. Watlow's POWER SERIES™ is a microprocessor-based product that features application flexibility unmatched by any other silicon controlled rectifier (SCR) power and solid state controller on the market today.

Watlow's POWER SERIES solid state controllers include single- and three-phase models from 65 to 250 amperes. Field configurable phase-angle or zero-cross firing improves application flexibility on-site where needed.

50/60Hz independent operation allows utilization almost everywhere in the world without special calibration considerations. Serial communication via Modbus® RTU allows setup and monitoring of load status from a computer station or control room.

On-board semiconductor fusing improves reliability by protecting the SCRs from heater short circuits. Plus, on-board heater bakeout and control diagnostics can help eliminate initial start up problems. All these benefits are in a touch-safe package that can be quickly and easily mounted in a control cabinet.

Watlow's POWER SERIES solid state controllers are UL® listed and C-UL® recognized, ensuring that they meet world safety and operational standards.

Watlow PC Power Controller SCR

Part numbers - Not Fan Cooled

Watlow PC10-N20A-0000

100 AMP, 1 PHASE, 24 TO 120V

Watlow PC10-N20B-0000

100 AMP, 1 PHASE, 200 TO 480V

Watlow PC10-N20C-0000

100 AMP, 1 PHASE, 200 TO 600V

Watlow PC20-N20A-0000

80 AMP, 3 PHASE, 2-LEG, 24 TO 120V

Watlow PC20-N20B-0000

80 AMP, 3 PHASE, 2-LEG, 200 TO 480V

Watlow PC20-N20C-0000

80 AMP, 3 PHASE, 2-LEG, 200 TO 600V

 

Watlow PC30-N20A-0000

65 AMP, 3 PHASE, 3-LEG, 24 TO 120V

Watlow PC30-N20B-0000

65 AMP, 3 PHASE, 3-LEG, 200 TO 480V

Watlow PC30-N20C-0000

65 AMP, 3 PHASE, 3-LEG, 200 TO 600V

 ------

 Watlow PC10-N25A-0000

140 AMP, 1 PHASE, 24 TO 120V

Watlow PC10-N25B-0000

140 AMP, 1 PHASE, 200 TO 480V

Watlow PC10-N25C-0000

140 AMP, 1 PHASE, 200 TO 600V

Watlow PC20-N25A-0000

105 AMP, 3 PHASE, 2-LEG, 24 TO 120V

Watlow PC20-N25B-0000

105 AMP, 3 PHASE, 2-LEG, 200 TO 480V

Watlow PC20-N20C-0000

105 AMP, 3 PHASE, 2-LEG, 200 TO 600V

 

Watlow PC30-N25A-0000

85 AMP, 3 PHASE, 3-LEG, 24 TO 120V

Watlow PC30-N25B-0000

85 AMP, 3 PHASE, 3-LEG, 200 TO 480V

Watlow PC30-N25C-0000

85 AMP, 3 PHASE, 3-LEG, 200 TO 600V

 ---------

 Watlow PC10-N30A-0000

165 AMP, 1 PHASE, 24 TO 120V

Watlow PC10-N30B-0000

165 AMP, 1 PHASE, 200 TO 480V

Watlow PC10-N30C-0000

165 AMP, 1 PHASE, 200 TO 600V

Watlow PC20-N30A-0000

130 AMP, 3 PHASE, 2-LEG, 24 TO 120V

Watlow PC20-N30B-0000

130 AMP, 3 PHASE, 2-LEG, 200 TO 480V

Watlow PC20-N30C-0000

130 AMP, 3 PHASE, 2-LEG, 200 TO 600V

 

Watlow PC30-N30A-0000

105 AMP, 3 PHASE, 3-LEG, 24 TO 120V

Watlow PC30-N30B-0000

105 AMP, 3 PHASE, 3-LEG, 200 TO 480V

Watlow PC30-N30C-0000

105 AMP, 3 PHASE, 3-LEG, 200 TO 600V

 ---------

Watlow PC11-N20A-1000

100 AMP, 1 PHASE, 24 TO 120V

Heater Diagnostics and Communications

Watlow PC11-N20B-1000

100 AMP, 1 PHASE, 200 TO 480V

Heater Diagnostics and Communications 

Watlow PC11-N20C-1000

100 AMP, 1 PHASE, 200 TO 600V

Heater Diagnostics and Communications 

Watlow PC21-N20A-1000

80 AMP, 3 PHASE, 2-LEG, 24 TO 120V

Heater Diagnostics and Communications 

Watlow PC21-N20B-1000

80 AMP, 3 PHASE, 2-LEG, 200 TO 480V

Heater Diagnostics and Communications 

Watlow PC21-N20C-1000

80 AMP, 3 PHASE, 2-LEG, 200 TO 600V

Heater Diagnostics and Communications 

 

Watlow PC31-N20A-1000

65 AMP, 3 PHASE, 3-LEG, 24 TO 120V

Heater Diagnostics and Communications 

Watlow PC31-N20B-1000

65 AMP, 3 PHASE, 3-LEG, 200 TO 480V

Heater Diagnostics and Communications 

Watlow PC31-N20C-1000

65 AMP, 3 PHASE, 3-LEG, 200 TO 600V

Heater Diagnostics and Communications 

 ------

Watlow  PC11-N25A-1000

140 AMP, 1 PHASE, 24 TO 120V

Heater Diagnostics and Communications 

Watlow PC11-N25B-1000

140 AMP, 1 PHASE, 200 TO 480V

Heater Diagnostics and Communications 

Watlow PC11-N25C-1000

140 AMP, 1 PHASE, 200 TO 600V

Heater Diagnostics and Communications 

Watlow PC21-N25A-1000

105 AMP, 3 PHASE, 2-LEG, 24 TO 120V

Heater Diagnostics and Communications 

Watlow PC21-N25B-1000

105 AMP, 3 PHASE, 2-LEG, 200 TO 480V

Heater Diagnostics and Communications 

Watlow PC21-N20C-1000

105 AMP, 3 PHASE, 2-LEG, 200 TO 600V

Heater Diagnostics and Communications 

 

Watlow PC31-N25A-1000

85 AMP, 3 PHASE, 3-LEG, 24 TO 120V

Heater Diagnostics and Communications 

Watlow PC31-N25B-1000

85 AMP, 3 PHASE, 3-LEG, 200 TO 480V

Heater Diagnostics and Communications 

Watlow PC31-N25C-1000

85 AMP, 3 PHASE, 3-LEG, 200 TO 600V

Heater Diagnostics and Communications 

 ---------

Watlow  PC11-N30A-1000

165 AMP, 1 PHASE, 24 TO 120V

Heater Diagnostics and Communications 

Watlow PC11-N30B-1000

165 AMP, 1 PHASE, 200 TO 480V

Heater Diagnostics and Communications 

Watlow PC11-N30C-1000

165 AMP, 1 PHASE, 200 TO 600V

Heater Diagnostics and Communications 

Watlow PC21-N30A-1000

130 AMP, 3 PHASE, 2-LEG, 24 TO 120V

Heater Diagnostics and Communications 

Watlow PC21-N30B-1000

130 AMP, 3 PHASE, 2-LEG, 200 TO 480V

Heater Diagnostics and Communications 

Watlow PC21-N30C-1000

130 AMP, 3 PHASE, 2-LEG, 200 TO 600V

Heater Diagnostics and Communications 

 

Watlow PC31-N30A-1000

105 AMP, 3 PHASE, 3-LEG, 24 TO 120V

Heater Diagnostics and Communications 

Watlow PC31-N30B-1000

105 AMP, 3 PHASE, 3-LEG, 200 TO 480V

Heater Diagnostics and Communications 

Watlow PC31-N30C-1000

105 AMP, 3 PHASE, 3-LEG, 200 TO 600V

Heater Diagnostics and Communications 

 

For a Quote Please use our Watlow Parts Form, HERE!

Part numbers - Fan Cooled

 

Watlow PC10-F20A-0000

125 AMP, 1 PHASE, 24 TO 120V

Watlow PC10-F20B-0000

125 AMP, 1 PHASE, 200 TO 480V

Watlow PC10-F20C-0000

125 AMP, 1 PHASE, 200 TO 600V

Watlow PC20-F20A-0000

120 AMP, 3 PHASE, 2-LEG, 24 TO 120V

Watlow PC20-F20B-0000

120 AMP, 3 PHASE, 2-LEG, 200 TO 480V

Watlow PC20-F20C-0000

120 AMP, 3 PHASE, 2-LEG, 200 TO 600V

 

Watlow PC30-F20A-0000

90 AMP, 3 PHASE, 3-LEG, 24 TO 120V

Watlow PC30-F20B-0000

90 AMP, 3 PHASE, 3-LEG, 200 TO 480V

Watlow PC30-F20C-0000

90 AMP, 3 PHASE, 3-LEG, 200 TO 600V

 ------

Watlow  PC10-F25A-0000

200 AMP, 1 PHASE, 24 TO 120V

Watlow PC10-F25B-0000

200 AMP, 1 PHASE, 200 TO 480V

Watlow PC10-F25C-0000

200 AMP, 1 PHASE, 200 TO 600V

Watlow PC20-F25A-0000

160 AMP, 3 PHASE, 2-LEG, 24 TO 120V

Watlow PC20-F25B-0000

160 AMP, 3 PHASE, 2-LEG, 200 TO 480V

Watlow PC20-F20C-0000

160 AMP, 3 PHASE, 2-LEG, 200 TO 600V

 

Watlow PC30-F25A-0000

140 AMP, 3 PHASE, 3-LEG, 24 TO 120V

Watlow PC30-F25B-0000

140 AMP, 3 PHASE, 3-LEG, 200 TO 480V

Watlow PC30-F25C-0000

140 AMP, 3 PHASE, 3-LEG, 200 TO 600V

 ---------

 Watlow PC10-F30A-0000

250 AMP, 1 PHASE, 24 TO 120V

Watlow PC10-F30B-0000

250 AMP, 1 PHASE, 200 TO 480V

Watlow PC10-F30C-0000

250 AMP, 1 PHASE, 200 TO 600V

Watlow PC20-F30A-0000

185 AMP, 3 PHASE, 2-LEG, 24 TO 120V

Watlow PC20-F30B-0000

185 AMP, 3 PHASE, 2-LEG, 200 TO 480V

PC20-F30C-0000

185 AMP, 3 PHASE, 2-LEG, 200 TO 600V

 

Watlow PC30-F30A-0000

155 AMP, 3 PHASE, 3-LEG, 24 TO 120V

Watlow PC30-F30B-0000

155 AMP, 3 PHASE, 3-LEG, 200 TO 480V

Watlow PC30-F30C-0000

155 AMP, 3 PHASE, 3-LEG, 200 TO 600V

 --------

Watlow PC11-F20A-1000

125 AMP, 1 PHASE, 24 TO 120V

Heater Diagnostics and Communications  

Watlow PC11-F20B-1000

125 AMP, 1 PHASE, 200 TO 480V

Heater Diagnostics and Communications  

Watlow PC11-F20C-1000

125 AMP, 1 PHASE, 200 TO 600V

Heater Diagnostics and Communications  

Watlow PC21-F20A-1000

120 AMP, 3 PHASE, 2-LEG, 24 TO 120V

Heater Diagnostics and Communications  

Watlow PC21-F20B-1000

120 AMP, 3 PHASE, 2-LEG, 200 TO 480V

Heater Diagnostics and Communications  

Watlow PC21-F20C-1000

120 AMP, 3 PHASE, 2-LEG, 200 TO 600V

Heater Diagnostics and Communications  

 

Watlow PC31-F20A-1000

90 AMP, 3 PHASE, 3-LEG, 24 TO 120V

Heater Diagnostics and Communications  

Watlow PC31-F20B-1000

90 AMP, 3 PHASE, 3-LEG, 200 TO 480V

Heater Diagnostics and Communications  

Watlow PC31-F20C-1000

90 AMP, 3 PHASE, 3-LEG, 200 TO 600V

Heater Diagnostics and Communications  

 ------

Watlow  PC11-F25A-1000

200 AMP, 1 PHASE, 24 TO 120V

Heater Diagnostics and Communications  

Watlow PC11-F25B-1000

200 AMP, 1 PHASE, 200 TO 480V

Heater Diagnostics and Communications  

Watlow PC11-F25C-1000

200 AMP, 1 PHASE, 200 TO 600V

Heater Diagnostics and Communications  

Watlow PC20-F25A-1000

160 AMP, 3 PHASE, 2-LEG, 24 TO 120V

Heater Diagnostics and Communications  

Watlow PC21-F25B-1000

160 AMP, 3 PHASE, 2-LEG, 200 TO 480V

Heater Diagnostics and Communications  

Watlow PC21-F20C-1000

160 AMP, 3 PHASE, 2-LEG, 200 TO 600V

Heater Diagnostics and Communications  

 

Watlow PC31-F25A-1000

140 AMP, 3 PHASE, 3-LEG, 24 TO 120V

Heater Diagnostics and Communications  

Watlow PC31-F25B-1000

140 AMP, 3 PHASE, 3-LEG, 200 TO 480V

Heater Diagnostics and Communications  

Watlow PC31-F25C-1000

140 AMP, 3 PHASE, 3-LEG, 200 TO 600V

Heater Diagnostics and Communications  

 ---------

Watlow PC11-F30A-1000

250 AMP, 1 PHASE, 24 TO 120V

Heater Diagnostics and Communications  

Watlow PC11-F30B-1000

250 AMP, 1 PHASE, 200 TO 480V

Heater Diagnostics and Communications  

Watlow PC11-F30C-1000

250 AMP, 1 PHASE, 200 TO 600V

Heater Diagnostics and Communications  

Watlow PC21-F30A-1000

185 AMP, 3 PHASE, 2-LEG, 24 TO 120V

Heater Diagnostics and Communications  

Watlow PC21-F30B-1000

185 AMP, 3 PHASE, 2-LEG, 200 TO 480V

Heater Diagnostics and Communications  

Watlow PC21-F30C-1000

185 AMP, 3 PHASE, 2-LEG, 200 TO 600V

Heater Diagnostics and Communications  

 

Watlow PC31-F30A-1000

155 AMP, 3 PHASE, 3-LEG, 24 TO 120V

Heater Diagnostics and Communications  

Watlow PC31-F30B-1000

155 AMP, 3 PHASE, 3-LEG, 200 TO 480V

Heater Diagnostics and Communications  

Watlow PC31-F30C-1000

155 AMP, 3 PHASE, 3-LEG, 200 TO 600V

Heater Diagnostics and Communications   

 

For a Quote Please use our Watlow Parts Form, HERE!

 

Anderson-Bolds

216-360-9800

www.anderson-bolds.com

Watlow DIN-A-MITE® B SCR Power Controller

Watlow SCR Din-A-Mite Type B Power Controller

from Anderson-Bolds

For a Watlow Din-A-Mite Quote, Click HERE!

Watlow solid state power switching devices complement the rapid switching required by PID temperature controllers and help deliver optimum system performance and service life. They are available in 1-phase and 3-phase/2-leg and 3-leg configurations, feature touch-safe terminations, input indicators, zero-cross, random or phase-angle fire options, ratings from 18 to 1,000 amperes and agency approvals including CE and UL® 508. Various configurations offer short circuit current ratings (SCCR) of 200,000 amperes, extensive system and heater diagnostic capabilities, heater bake out, integrated heat sinks, on-board fuses, RoHS compliance and serial communications.

The Watlow DIN-A-MITE® B is a low-cost, highly compact and versatile solid state electric heat controller. The DIN-A-MITE B capabilities include single-phase and three-phase zero-cross switching up to 40 and 22 amperes, respectively at 600VAC (see rating curve). This electric heat controller's design includes proper heat sinking and terminations simplifying integration into applications. DIN-rail and back panel mounting is standard on this electric heat controller. The Watlow DIN-A-MITE controller is also mercury free.

Variable time base, 4-20mA process control or VAC/VDC input contactor versions are available. A shorted silicon controlled rectifier (SCR) alarm option is also available. All configurations are model number dependent and factory selectable. This power controller also includes 200KA short circuit current rating (SCCR) tested up to480VAC to prevent arch flash with required fusing.

Features include single-phase and three-phase zero cross switching up to 40 and 22 amperes, respectively, at 600VAC (see rating curve). A unique, integrated design removes the guesswork associated with selecting a proper heat sink and adequate terminations for the application.

Watlow Din-A-Mite B SCR Power Controller

Features and Benefits 

200KA SCCR with proper fusing • Minimizes damage in the event of a short circuit 

DIN-Rail and panel mounting • Provides versatility and quick, low-cost installation 

Compact size • Reduces panel space and cost 

Touch-safe terminals • Increases safety for installer and user 

Single and Three-Phase power • Permits use in a variety of applications 

Mercury free • Assures environmental safety 

Faster switching with solid state • Saves energy and extends heater life 

UL® 508 listed, C-UL®, RoHS and CE with filter • Meets applications requiring agency approval • Reduces end product documentation cost 

Back-to-Back SCR design • Ensures a rugged design 

Shorted output alarm (optional) • Simplifies troubleshooting and reduces downtime

Specifications 

Operator Interface • Control input and indication light • Alarm output and indication light 

Amperage Rating • See the output rating curve below• Max. surge current for 16.6ms, 380A peak • Max. I2t for fusing is 4,000A2s • Latching current: 400mA max. • Holding current: 200mA max. • Off-state leakage 1mA at 77°F (25°C) max. • Power dissipation = 1.2 watts per ampere per leg switched • 200KA SCCR, Type 1 and 2 approved with the recommended fusing; see user manual 

Watlow DIN-A-Mite B SCR Amperage (amps) Ratings

Line Voltage • 24 to 660VAC model number dependent; see ordering information 

Control Mode, Zero Cross • Control option C: VDC input, contactor output • Control option K: VAC input, contactor output • To increase service life on contactor models, the cycle time should be less than three seconds • Control option F: 4 to 20mA DC input, variable time-base control output 

Control Input • AC contactor: 24VAC ±10%, 120VAC +10/-25%, 240VAC +10/-25% @ 25mA max. per controlled leg • DC contactor: 4.5 to 32VDC: max. current @ 4.5VDC is 6mA per leg. Add 2mA per LED used to the total current • Linear current: 4 to 20mA DC: loop-powered, control option F0 only (requires current source with 6.2VDC available, no more than three DIN-A-MITE inputs connected in series)

Alarm Shorted SCR Alarm Option • Alarm state when the input command signal off and a 10A or more load current is detected by the current transformer (two turns required for 5A and three turns for 2.5A) Alarm Output • Energizes on alarm, non-latching • Triac 24 to 240VAC, external supply with a current rating of 300mA @ 77°F (25°C), 200mA @ 122°F (50°C), 100mA @ 176°F (80°C) and a holding current of 200 µA with a latching current of 5mA typical

Agency Approvals • CE with proper filter: 204/108/EC Electromagnetic Compatibility Directive EN 61326-1: Industrial Immunity Class A Emissions 2006/95/EC Low Voltage Directive EN 50178 Safety Requirements Installation category III, pollution degree 2 • UL® 508 listed and C-UL® File E73741 • 2011/65/EU RoHS 2 Control Input Terminals • Compression: will accept 24 to 16 AWG (0.2 to 1.5 mm2) wire Line and Load Terminals • Compression: will accept 18 to 8 AWG (0.8 to 8.4 mm2) wire

Operating Environment • See the output rating curve • 0 to 90% RH (relative humidity), non-condensing • Storage temperature: -40 to 185°F (-40 to 85°C) • Operating temperature: -4 to 176°F (-20 to 80°C) • Insulation tested to 3,000 meters DIN-rail Mount • DIN EN 50022, 35 mm by 7.5 mm Back-Panel Mount • Four mounting holes No. 6 to No. 8 (M3 to M4) fastener Dimensions • 3.7 in. (94 mm) high x 3.3 in. (83 mm) wide x 4.9 in. (124 mm) deep • Weight: 1.5 lb (0.68kg)

SCR Controller from Watlow

For a Watlow Din-A-Mite Quote, Click HERE!

Anderson-Bolds

216-360-9800
www.anderson-bolds.com 

Watlow SCR...Watlow SCR...Watlow SCR...Watlow SCR

Calculating Heat Kilowatts and Specific Heat Values

Anderson-Bolds has been providing heating solutions to industry since 1934.

Here is the quick and simple heating equation and variables needed to heat an application.

Required BTU's or KW are calculated with this equation.

WxSHxΔT =BTU/hour

Weight (lb) of material being heated = W
Specific Heat of material = SH
Change in Temperature needed or Delta T = ΔT

To Convert BTUs to KW, divide the BTUs by 3413.

This equation only yields the heat input and does not take into consideration any heat losses or heat gains within a process. If an application is heating water but then a solid piece of metal enters into the water, the solid mud be heated too as well as the tank to achieve the goal system KW required.

Below are specific Heat values for common substances along with weights.
Specific Heats listed are all below 1 except Water which is 1.

Solid weights are per cubic foot and liquid weights are per gallon in pounds.

Aluminum   .23 SH  and  160 pounds
Asphalt       .40  and  65 pounds
Brass    .10  and 525 pounds
Bricks/masonry  .22 and 140 pounds
Carbon  .204  and  ??
Copper  .10  and  550 pounds
Glass   .20  and   165 pounds
Graphite   .20  and  130 pounds
Iron  .13  and  450 pounds
Lead  .031   and   710 pounds
Nickel  .11  and  550 pounds
Paper   .45  and   58 pounds
Paraffin  .70  and 56 pounds
Rubber  .40  and  95 pounds
Silver  .057  and  655 pounds
Solder   .04  and  580 pounds
Steel   .12  and  490 pounds
Sugar  .30  and 105  pounds
Sulphur   .203  and  125 pounds
Tin  .56  and 455 pounds
Wood (oak)  .45  and 50 pounds
Wood (pine)  .45  and 34 pounds

Liquids
Acetic Acid  .472  and 8.81 pounds
Alcohol  .65  and 7.35 pounds
Benzine  .45  and 7.49 pounds
Ether  .503  and  6.15 pounds
Glycerine   .58  and 10.58 pounds
Mercury  .0333  and  113  pounds
Oil   .47   and  7.76  pounds
Petroleum   .51  and 7.49 pounds
Turpentine   .41  and   7.22 pounds
Water   1.0  and  8.34  pounds  (Most Difficult to Heat)

Please contact Anderson-Bolds HERE to discuss your heating process or application.

Anderson-Bolds
Since 1934
216-360-9800
www.anderson-bolds.com

Air Curtain on Whole Building Energy Use

Summary of Energy use in Buildings with Air Curtains 

"The Best Air curtains on Earth Come From Mars"

The complete article with diagrams/graphs is HERE. (Click to view).

This study conducted the whole building energy analysis of the DOE medium office reference building for three different scenarios of building entrance:

1. single door without vestibule or air curtain (hereafter, a single door)
2. single door equipped with air curtain (hereafter, an air curtain door)
3. single door with vestibule (hereafter, a vestibule door)

For the modeled medium office building, the major conclusions were found as follows.

• The whole building annual energy use when the air curtain is installed is less in all the climate zones: it is less than the single door in the climate zone 1-3, and less than the vestibule door in the climate zone 3-8.
• The modeled air curtain door is shown to reduce air infiltration significantly under the same conditions when compared to either the single door or the vestibule door.
• The predicted annual pressure difference across the envelope of the modeled building is mostly within -10 ~ 10 Pa.
• The modeled air curtain door is shown to provide comparable performance as the modeled vestibule door for the climate zone 3 – 8. Compared to the vestibule door, the air curtain door can save 0.3% ~ 2.2% energy for zone 3 ~ 8, corresponding to 1146 kWh ~ 18986 kWh. Better performance will be achieved for colder climate.
• The major saving of the air curtain door comes from the heating saving so, although there is saving, the air curtain total saving in zone 1 – 2 is marginal, which is 0.0% ~ 0.1% (81 kWh ~ 132 kWh) when compared to the single door.
• Building entrance orientation, building pressure, and door usage frequency all affect air infiltration/exfiltration and the resultant energy performance of the air curtain door. Particularly, the effects of building entrance orientation and the balance of the HVAC system cannot be overlooked and they were shown to be as important as door usage frequency.

Investigation of the Impact of Building Entrance Air Curtain on Whole Building Energy Use Executive Summary

BACKGROUND

The U.S. was reported to consume 19% of the global energy in 2011, and the building sector (residential, commercial and government buildings) accounted for about 41% of the primary energy usage. The top four end uses of the building sector are space heating (37%), space cooling (10%), water heating (12%), and lighting (9%), which sums up to about 70% of the buildings site energy consumption. For commercial buildings, air infiltrations can be as high as 18% of the total heat loss. Air infiltrations (or air leakages) are often caused by unintentional or accidental introduction of outside air into a building through cracks in the building envelope and/or entrance doors. Infiltrations through door openings become quite significant when the doors are used frequently such as in restaurants, retail stores, supermarkets, offices and hospitals (DOE 2012).

A common energy code solution to reducing energy loss from air infiltration through open doors has been requiring a vestibule rather than having a single door. Currently based on the American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers Standard 90.1 – Energy Standard for Buildings Except Low-Rise Residential Buildings (ASHRAE 2010), and the International Energy Conservation Code (IECC), in most cases, vestibules are required in climate zones 3 – 8. However, vestibules seem not to cater to building owners’ taste due to the concerns over space and construction cost. A vestibule could cost anywhere from $20,000 to $60,000. In addition, a vestibule becomes ineffective when both entrance doors open simultaneously during heavy traffic periods so as to allow cold outdoor air to penetrate.

Air curtains, which are typically mounted above doorways, separate indoor and outdoor temperatures with a stream of air strategically engineered to strike the floor with a particular velocity and position. The air prevents outdoor air infiltration while also permitting an unobstructed pedestrian entryway. An air curtain for a single six- foot-wide entrance/exit opening is often less than $6,000 plus installation costs. It also helps to block flying insects, dust, wind, cold/warm, and ambient moisture to achieve a better indoor comfort. Furthermore, building entrances equipped with air curtains are believed to be more energy efficient than the entrances with single doors and with vestibules as well. However, an exhaustive literature search reviewed that no previous studies to quantify the impact of building entrance air curtains on whole building energy usage.

OBJECTIVE

The objective of this study is to decide if air curtains can be considered comparable in energy performance to that of buildings with vestibules where they are required by building energy codes and standards in climate zones 3 – 8 by means of whole building annual energy simulations and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) modeling of air curtains. For the climate zones 1 and 2, where vestibules are not required by the codes, this study will also quantify the potential energy savings of air curtains compared to the baseline case of the building entrance without air curtain or vestibule.

RESULTS
The two tasks were divided into the following five sub-tasks.
Task 1 – Air Curtain Infiltration and Exfiltration
The determination of infiltration & exfiltration characteristics of air curtain is the key task. About 350 CFD simulations were conducted to model an air curtain under different settings of outdoor and indoor pressure and temperature differences by using the standard k-ε turbulence model. Both winter and summer operational modes of air curtain were considered. The air curtain jet is supplied with a 20 ̊ angle (outwards as shown in Fig. 1) at 15 m/s and 21 ̊C for the winter mode, and 15 m/s and 24 ̊C for the summer mode. The indoor design temperatures are the same as the air curtain supply temperatures, and the outdoor temperatures varies among -40, -20 and 10 ̊C in the winter mode, and 25, 30, and 40 ̊C in the summer mode. Different door opening angles were also considered including 90 ̊ (fully open), 60 ̊, 30 ̊ and 10 ̊ under the pressure difference (∆P) of -20, -10, -5, 0, 10, 20, 30, and 40 Pa for all the cases and -3.5, -2.5, -1.5, -1, and -0.5 Pa for some cases across the door. Fig.2 shows the three flow scenarios of the air curtain door when the air curtain is in operation compared to the single and vestibule doors during the occupied hours of the building. When the air curtain is not in operation during occupied hours, the air curtain door was modeled as a single door by using CONTAM’s control nodes and schedules. When the building is unoccupied, the building door was assumed to be completely closed and the leakages were zero for the single door, the air curtain door and the vestibule door.

The critical pressure is found to be ∆Plc = -3.3 Pa and ∆Puc = 6.9 Pa. The outflow (negative Q) occurs when ∆P < ∆Puc, and the inflow (positive Q) occurs when ∆P > ∆Puc.
 For the outflow section, there is a sharp increase of flow rate at ∆Plc when the flow switches from “zero infiltration” (Fig. 1a) to “exfiltration” (Fig. 1c) because the indoor air starts to exfiltrate under the air curtain jet as shown in Fig. 1c.

 Compared to both single door and vestibule door, air curtain reduces air infiltration significantly under the same pressure difference across the door, especially for mild ranges of pressure difference.
 Air curtain also causes less outflow than the vestibule door for the negative pressure difference of -7.0 < ∆P < 0 Pa but creates more outflow when ∆P < -7.0 Pa. When the pressure difference ∆P < -15 Pa, air curtain could cause more outflow than the single door.

Task 2 – Building Pressure Difference

Pressure difference across building envelope is one of the major driving forces for infiltration/exfiltration. Nine CONTAM simulations were conducted to calculate the annual pressure differences and infiltration/exfiltration rates through the single door, the vestibule door, and the air curtain door for the medium office building with three scenarios of the HVAC system: a baseline supply and return system (hereafter, 100% supply system), a system with 5% less supply than return (95% supply system) or a system with 10% less supply than return (90% supply system). The 100% supply system is provided by NIST for the medium office building in the study of “Airflow and Indoor Air Quality Models of DOE Reference Commercial Buildings” (NIST Technical Note 1734) (Ng et al. 2012). The last two scenarios were created to consider the impact of the depressurization of the building by the HVAC system, which could cause more infiltrations than the baseline system. The door usage is the baseline case of 100 people/hr. The annual whole building analysis is conducted for 8760 hours including both occupied and unoccupied hours, and considering the on/off schedules of the HVAC system.

 For the 100% supply system,
o the annually average building pressure difference across the entrance door is 0.8 Pa of a range of -9.5 ~

27.4 Pa with a median value of 0.2 Pa. The pressure difference is mostly -10 ~ 10 Pa.
o compared to the single door, the air curtain door reduces 62% of the annual total air in filtration and 3% of

the total exfiltration, and the vestibule door reduces 23% infiltration and 25% exfiltration.

 For the 95% supply system,
o the annually average building pressure difference across the entrance door is 1.3 Pa of a range of -7.9 ~

29.6 Pa with a median value of 0.5 Pa.
o compared to the single door, the air curtain door reduces 65% of the annual total air infiltration and

increases 3% of the total exfiltration, and the vestibule door reduces 23% infiltration and 25% exfiltration;  For the 90% supply system,

o the annually average building pressure difference across the entrance door is 1.8 Pa of a range of -6.5 ~ 31.5 Pa with a median value of 0.9 Pa.

o compared to the single door, the air curtain door reduces 67% of the annual total air infiltration and increases 11% of the total exfiltration, and the vestibule door reduces 24% infiltration and 24% exfiltration.

Task 3 – Whole Building Energy Simulation

The energy performance of air curtain is a combination effect of infiltration and exfiltration, which can be evaluated by whole building energy analysis. Nine whole building energy analyses were performed by the coupled TRNSYS and CONTAM model for the single door, the vestibule door, and the air curtain door for both summer and winter modes of Chicago, IL. The parameters in consideration include the baseline door usage frequency of 100 people/hr, the 100% supply, 95% supply and 90% supply systems. The air curtain fan power is 1.05 kW. The air curtain is equipped with temperature control and expected to operate only during the occupied hours, when the door is opened and at the same time the ambient air temperature drops below 10 °C for the winter mode, or increases above 30 °C for the summer mode. The major conclusions are as follows.

           Annual energy saving mostly comes from heating saving.

           Small penalty may occur for the vestibule, since during shoulder seasons the vestibule may block the free cooling from the ambient.

           Air curtain leads to better energy performance than the single door and the vestibule door.

           The annual total heating saving of the air curtain varies 7031 kWh (2.8%) ~ 11406 kWh (4.2%) compared to the single door, and 4383 kWh (1.7%) ~ 7359 kWh (2.8%) compared to the vestibule door.

 The reduction of peak heating load by the air curtain varies 28 kW (5.6%) ~ 32 kW (6.2%) compared to the single door, and 18 kW (3.7%) ~ 19 kW (3.8%) compared to the vestibule.
 The reduction of peak cooling load by the air curtain varies 1 kW (0.3%) ~ 2.3 kW (0.8%) compared to the single door, and 0.3 kW (0.1%) ~ 1.3 kW (0.4%) compared to the vestibule.

           The annual air curtain fan energy is 371 kWh.

           Compared to the single door, the annual total energy saving of using air curtain varies 6660 kWh (1.4%) ~ 11085 kWh (2.3%).

 Compared to the vestibule door, the annual total energy saving of using air curtain varies 4169 kWh (0.9%) ~ 7205 kWh (1.5%).
 The variation of the savings depends on how well the HVAC system is balanced. When the HVAC system is less balanced thus tending to cause more infiltration, the energy saving of the air curtain becomes better.

Task 4 – Sensitivity analysis

A sensitivity analysis of 72 whole building energy simulations was performed for the single door and the air curtain door for different climates: climate zone 2 (for cooling dominant climate, e.g. Austin), zone 4 (for heating & cooling climate, e.g. Baltimore), and zone 6 (for heating dominant climate, e.g. Minneapolis). The following key parameters are considered: building entrance orientation, building pressures affected by the 100% supply/95% supply/90% supply HVAC systems, door usage frequencies.

 For climate zones 2,4 and 6, most of the saving comes from heating, and colder climate enjoys more saving from air curtain.
 All the parameters in the sensitivity analysis are important, the variation of which may cause at least 30% difference in terms of annual heating demand saving compared to the according sensitivity test components.

a. Entrance orientation

Building entrance orientation was evaluated for the north, south, east, and west directions. The door usage frequency is set to be 100 people/hr, and the building HVAC is the 100% supply system. The annual heating saving of the air curtain depends on the dominant wind direction for different cities.

 For Austin (climate zone 2), the annual heating saving varies from 328 kWh (0.7%) for the north to 2514 kWh (4.9%) for the south; the annual cooling saving varies from 192 kWh (0%) for the south to 253 kWh (0.1%) for the north, when compared to the single door.
 For Baltimore (climate zone 4), the annual heating saving varies from 497 kWh (0.3%) for the north to 4933 kWh (3.1%) for the west; the annual cooling saving varies from -25 kWh (-0%) for the south to 217 kWh (0.1%) for the north compared to the vestibule.

 For Minneapolis (climate zone 6), the annual heating saving varies from 5788 kWh (1.6%) for the north to 9023 kWh (2.5%) for the west; the annual cooling saving varies from 134 kWh (0.1%) for the south to 292 kWh (0.2%) for the north compared to the vestibule.
 The annual air curtain fan energy is 256 kWh for Austin, 331 kWh for Baltimore and 385 kWh for Minneapolis.

 The annual total saving of using air curtain varies from 330 kWh to 2449 kWh when compared to the single door in Austin; from 383 kWh to 4709 kWh for Baltimore, and from 5695 kWh to 8822 kWh for Minneapolis when compared to the vestibule door.
 The annual total percentage saving of using air curtain varies from 0 to 0.4% when compared to the single door in Austin, from 0% to 1.1% for Baltimore when compared to the vestibule, and from 1% to 1.5% for Minneapolis when compared to the vestibule.

CONCLUSIONS

In this study, CFD simulations of air infiltration/exfiltration through the air curtain were conducted to obtain the corresponding correlations to be used in the whole building energy analysis of the medium office reference building by the coupled simulation of TRNSYS and CONTAM.

For the modeled medium office building with the 100% supply HVAC system and the door usage frequency of 100 people/hr, the whole building annual energy use when the air curtain is installed is less in all the climate zones modeled: it is less than the single door in the climate zone 1-3, and less than the vestibule door in the climate zone 3-8.

Specifically, the following key conclusions are found.
 The airflow rate through the air curtain can be characterized as the function of pressure difference across the door in three sections: zero infiltration, infiltration and exfiltration. Following Yuill’s method for the single door and the vestibule, the air curtain correlations can be obtained as the function of door usage frequency in people per hour in terms of the discharge coefficients and discharge modifiers, or the flow coefficients and flow modifiers.
 Based on the obtained air curtain correlations, the air curtain is shown to reduce air infiltration significantly under the same conditions when compared to either the single door or the vestibule, whereas it may cause higher exfiltration when the indoor pressure is higher enough than the outdoor pressure (e.g. ∆P < -15 Pa) when compared to the single door.
 The predicted annual pressure difference across the envelope of the modeled building is mostly within -10 ~ 10 Pa with the maximum of about 30 Pa and the minimum of -10 Pa for the case of Chicago, IL.
 The modeled air curtain is shown to provide comparable performance as the modeled vestibule for the climate zone 3 – 8. Compared to the vestibule, the air curtain can save 0.3% ~ 2.2% energy for zone 3 – 8, which corresponds to 1146 kWh ~ 18986 kWh. Better performance will be achieved for colder climate.
 The major saving of the air curtain comes from the heating saving so, although there is saving, the air curtain total saving in zone 1 – 2 is marginal, which is 0% (81 kWh ~ 132 kWh) when compared to the single door.

 Building entrance orientation, building pressure, and door usage frequency all affect air infiltration/exfiltration and the resultant energy performance of the air curtain when compared to the single door and the vestibule. Particularly, the effects of building entrance orientation and the balance of the HVAC system cannot be overlooked and they were shown to be as important as door usage frequency.

Based on the results of the modeled building and the air curtain in this study, considering its lower initial cost and space saving benefit, air curtain should be a good alternative to the vestibule for the climate zones of 3 – 8. Note that the results from this study are based on the specific building, the specific parameters and the modeling method of air curtains.

Anderson-Bolds is the Mars Air Representative in Ohio and Kentucky.

216-360-9800

mars@anderson-bolds.com